Effects of Smoking on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Lung Cancer in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background and Objectives@#Smoking is well-established as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. However, recent studies demonstrated favorable results, including reduced mortality, among smokers, which are referred to as the “smoker's paradox”. This study examined the impact of smoking on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). @*Methods@#Patients with AMI undergoing PCI between 2004 and 2014 were enrolled and classified according to smoking status. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization. @*Results@#Among the 10,683 patients, 4,352 (40.7%) were current smokers. Smokers were 10.7 years younger and less likely to have comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and prior PCI. Smokers had less MACE (hazard ratio [HR], 0.644; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.594–0.698; p<0.001) and cardiac death (HR, 0.494; 95% CI, 0.443–0.551; p<0.001) compared to nonsmokers during the 5 years in an unadjusted model. However, after propensity-score matching, smokers showed higher risk of MACE (HR, 1.125; 95% CI, 1.009–1.254; p=0.034) and cardiac death (HR, 1.190; 95% CI, 1.026–1.381; p=0.022). Smoking was a strong independent predictor of lung cancer (propensityscore matched HR, 2.749; 95% CI, 1.416–5.338; p=0.003). @*Conclusions@#In contrast to the unadjusted model, smoking is associated with worse cardiovascular outcome and higher incidence of lung cancer after adjustment of various confounding factors. This result can be explained by the characteristics of smokers, which were young and had fewer comorbidities.

Effects of Smoking on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Lung Cancer in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background and Objectives@#Smoking is well-established as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. However, recent studies demonstrated favorable results, including reduced mortality, among smokers, which are referred to as the “smoker's paradox”. This study examined the impact of smoking on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). @*Methods@#Patients with AMI undergoing PCI between 2004 and 2014 were enrolled and classified according to smoking status. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization. @*Results@#Among the 10,683 patients, 4,352 (40.7%) were current smokers. Smokers were 10.7 years younger and less likely to have comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and prior PCI. Smokers had less MACE (hazard ratio [HR], 0.644; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.594–0.698; p<0.001) and cardiac death (HR, 0.494; 95% CI, 0.443–0.551; p<0.001) compared to nonsmokers during the 5 years in an unadjusted model. However, after propensity-score matching, smokers showed higher risk of MACE (HR, 1.125; 95% CI, 1.009–1.254; p=0.034) and cardiac death (HR, 1.190; 95% CI, 1.026–1.381; p=0.022). Smoking was a strong independent predictor of lung cancer (propensityscore matched HR, 2.749; 95% CI, 1.416–5.338; p=0.003). @*Conclusions@#In contrast to the unadjusted model, smoking is associated with worse cardiovascular outcome and higher incidence of lung cancer after adjustment of various confounding factors. This result can be explained by the characteristics of smokers, which were young and had fewer comorbidities.

Trends, Characteristics, and Clinical Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea between 2011 and 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#We sought to evaluate nationwide trends, characteristics, and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Korea.@*METHODS@#From National Health Insurance claims data in Korea, 81,115 patients, who underwent PCI for the first episode of coronary artery disease between 2011 and 2015, were enrolled. Patients were categorized into angina (n=49,288) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n=31,887) groups and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The mean age of patients was 64.4±12.2 years and 56,576 (69.7%) were men. Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension were observed in 27,086 (33.4%), 30,675 (37.8%), and 45,389 (56.0%) patients, respectively. There was a 10% increase in the number of patients undergoing PCI for angina between 2011–2012 and 2014–2015 (11,105 vs. 13,261; p=0.021). However, the number of patients undergoing PCI for AMI marginally decreased between 2011–2012 and 2014–2015 (8,068 vs. 7,823; p=0.052). In procedures, drug-eluting stent was the most frequently used device (93.2%), followed by balloon angioplasty (5.5%) and bare metal stents (1.3%). The mean number of stents per patient was 1.39±0.64. At discharge, dual-anti platelet therapy, statin, beta-blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker were provided to 76,292 (94.1%), 71,411 (88.0%), 57,429 (70.8%), and 54,418 (67.1%) patients, respectively. The mean in-hospital and 1-year total medical costs were 8,628,768±4,832,075 and 13,128,158±9,758,753 Korean Won, respectively. In-hospital mortality occurred in 2,094 patients (2.6%).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Appropriate healthcare strategies reflecting trends, characteristics, and clinical outcomes of PCI are needed in Korea.

Trends, Characteristics, and Clinical Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Korea between 2011 and 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate nationwide trends, characteristics, and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Korea. METHODS: From National Health Insurance claims data in Korea, 81,115 patients, who underwent PCI for the first episode of coronary artery disease between 2011 and 2015, were enrolled. Patients were categorized into angina (n=49,288) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n=31,887) groups and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 64.4±12.2 years and 56,576 (69.7%) were men. Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension were observed in 27,086 (33.4%), 30,675 (37.8%), and 45,389 (56.0%) patients, respectively. There was a 10% increase in the number of patients undergoing PCI for angina between 2011–2012 and 2014–2015 (11,105 vs. 13,261; p=0.021). However, the number of patients undergoing PCI for AMI marginally decreased between 2011–2012 and 2014–2015 (8,068 vs. 7,823; p=0.052). In procedures, drug-eluting stent was the most frequently used device (93.2%), followed by balloon angioplasty (5.5%) and bare metal stents (1.3%). The mean number of stents per patient was 1.39±0.64. At discharge, dual-anti platelet therapy, statin, beta-blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker were provided to 76,292 (94.1%), 71,411 (88.0%), 57,429 (70.8%), and 54,418 (67.1%) patients, respectively. The mean in-hospital and 1-year total medical costs were 8,628,768±4,832,075 and 13,128,158±9,758,753 Korean Won, respectively. In-hospital mortality occurred in 2,094 patients (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate healthcare strategies reflecting trends, characteristics, and clinical outcomes of PCI are needed in Korea.

Association between the Red Cell Distribution Width and Vasospastic Angina in Korean Patients

PURPOSE: The association between the red cell distribution width (RDW) and vasospastic angina (VSA) has not been elucidated. We investigated the association of the RDW with the incidence and angiographic subtypes of VSA in Korean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 460 patients who underwent intracoronary ergonovine provocation tests were consecutively enrolled and classified into two groups: the VSA group (n=147, 32.0%) and non-VSA group (n=313, 68.0%). The subjects were classified into 3 subgroups (tertiles) according to the baseline level of RDW assessed before the angiographic provocation test. RESULTS: The VSA group had a higher RDW than the non-VSA group (12.9±0.8% vs. 12.5±0.7%, p=0.013). The high RDW level demonstrated an independent association with the high incidence of VSA [second tertile: hazard ratio (HR) 1.96 (1.13-2.83), third tertile: HR 2.33 (1.22-3.47), all p<0.001]. Moreover, the highest RDW tertile level had a significant association with the prevalence of the mixed-type coronary spasm [HR 1.29 (1.03-1.59), p=0.037]. CONCLUSION: The high level of RDW was significantly associated with the prevalence of VSA and the high-risk angiographic subtype of coronary spasm, suggesting that a proactive clinical investigation for VSA could be valuable in Korean patients with an elevated RDW.

Myocardial Mechanics in a Rat Model with Banding and Debanding of the Ascending Aorta

BACKGROUND: Aortic banding and debanding models have provided useful information on the development and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In this animal study, we aimed to evaluate left ventricular (LV) deformation related to the development and regression of LVH. METHODS: Minimally invasive ascending aorta banding was performed in rats (10 Sprague Dawley rats, 7 weeks). Ten rats underwent a sham operation. Thirty-five days later, the band was removed. Echocardiographic and histopathologic analysis was assessed at pre-banding, 35 days of banding and 14 days of debanding. RESULTS: Banding of the ascending aorta created an expected increase in the aortic velocity and gradient, which normalized with the debanding procedure. Pressure overload resulted in a robust hypertrophic response as assessed by gross and microscopic histology, transthoracic echocardiography [heart weight/tibia length (g/m); 21.0 +/- 0.8 vs. 33.2 +/- 2.0 vs. 26.6 +/- 2.8, p < 0.001]. The circumferential (CS) and radial strains were not different between the groups. However, there were significant differences in the degree of fibrosis according to the banding status (fibrosis; 0.10 +/- 0.20% vs. 5.26 +/- 3.12% vs. 4.03 +/- 3.93%, p = 0.003), and global CS showed a significant correlation with the degree of myocardial fibrosis in this animal model (r = 0.688, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: In this animal study, simulating a severe LV pressure overload state, a significant increase in the LV mass index did not result in a significant reduction in the LV mechanical parameters. The degree of LV fibrosis, which developed with pressure overload, was significantly related to the magnitude of left ventricular mechanics.

A Case of Three Consecutive Events of Acute Myocardial Infarctions in Three Different Vessels

A 51-year-old man was being admitted to the emergency department with chest pains. He had a history of acute myocardial infarction (MI) on two prior occasions and was successfully treated with drug eluting stents. He was diagnosed with 3 consecutive events of acute MI in 3 different vessels. The consecutive events of acute MI in different vessels are a very rare case. He did not have risk factors, such as coagulation abnormality, clopidogrel resistance, patient's compliance and vessel abnormality, except for his cigarette smoking. We reported the first case with 3 consecutive events of acute MI in each 3 vessels during a long-term interval.

A Case of Asymptomatic Severe Pulmonary Valve Stenosis with Patent Foramen Ovale and Patent Ductus Arteriosus in an Adult / 대한내과학회지

Pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is the 3rd most common form of adult congenital heart disease. The patient was a 56-year-old woman, with known congenital heart disease but who was not receiving any treatment as she was not functionally limited. A two-dimensional echocardiogram showed severe right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary valve thickening and systolic doming. A color Doppler revealed a retrograde flow from the aorta to the left pulmonary artery. She had severe heart failure on the right hand side from a PS but did not display any symptoms. We hypothesized that she had a retrograde flow to the pulmonary circulation through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), through which oxygenated blood could be supplied to the systemic circulation and, hence, no hypoxia. We attempted a balloon valvuloplasty for the PS followed by a device closure for the PDA. Here we report on this adult female with severe PS but lacking any symptoms, due to the presence of a PDA.

A Case of Asymptomatic Severe Pulmonary Valve Stenosis with Patent Foramen Ovale and Patent Ductus Arteriosus in an Adult / 대한내과학회지

Pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is the 3rd most common form of adult congenital heart disease. The patient was a 56-year-old woman, with known congenital heart disease but who was not receiving any treatment as she was not functionally limited. A two-dimensional echocardiogram showed severe right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary valve thickening and systolic doming. A color Doppler revealed a retrograde flow from the aorta to the left pulmonary artery. She had severe heart failure on the right hand side from a PS but did not display any symptoms. We hypothesized that she had a retrograde flow to the pulmonary circulation through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), through which oxygenated blood could be supplied to the systemic circulation and, hence, no hypoxia. We attempted a balloon valvuloplasty for the PS followed by a device closure for the PDA. Here we report on this adult female with severe PS but lacking any symptoms, due to the presence of a PDA.

Feasibility of Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for the Assessment of Distorted Biventricular Systolic Function in Patients with Cor Pulmonale

BACKGROUND: This study was to investigate the feasibility of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) for the analysis of biventricular ejection fractions and volume measurements in patients with cor pulmonale and the correlations of RT3DE results with 64-slice multi-detector cardiac computed tomography (64-MDCT) results. METHODS: This study included a total of 22 patients (59.3 +/- 16.6 years of age; 10 males and 12 females) who showed flattening or reverse curvature of the interventricular septum and severe pulmonary hypertension [mean right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure = 66.8 +/- 19.7 mmHg] on 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography due to cor pulmonale. Biventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were measured by RT3DE and 64-MDCT. The severity of D-shaped deformation was evaluated by using left ventricular (LV) eccentricity index (ratio of diameters parallel/perpendicular to the interventricular septum on parasternal short axis images of the papillary muscle level). RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between biventricular volumes measured by RT3DE and 64-MDCT except for LV end-systolic volume (59.8 +/- 17.1 vs. 73.2 +/- 20.2 mL, r = 0.652, p = 0.001 for LV end-diastolic volume; 30.6 +/- 9.1 vs. 30.8 +/- 12.5 mL, r = 0.361, p = 0.099 for LV end-systolic volume; 110.1 +/- 42.9 vs. 171.1 +/- 55.3 mL, r = 0.545, p = 0.009 for RV end-diastolic volume; and 80.9 +/- 35.0 vs. 128.7 +/- 45.1 mL, r = 0.549, p = 0.005 for RV end-systolic volume respectively). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that RT3DE may be a modest method for measuring distorted biventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in patients with cor pulmonale.

Effects of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Depressive Symptoms in Chronic Stable Angina Patients

OBJECTIVE: Depression is present in 1 of 5 outpatients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and a well-documented risk factor for recurrent cardiac events and mortality. We examined the impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), on depressive symptoms, in chronic stable angina (CSA) patients. METHODS: On prospective and non-randomized trial, consecutive CSA patients (n=171), who had undergone coronary angiography from January 2006 to December 2007, were included. Patients were subdivided into PCI and non-PCI groups, and then completed 21-item the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), at the baseline and pre-discharge, to assess the depressive symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 108 (63%) patients were assigned to the non-PCI group, and 63 (37%) patients to the PCI group. Using an independent t-test, we found that patients with PCI were significantly older (non-PCI vs. PCI; 57+/-11 vs. 64+/-10, years, p<0.001), had more joint disease (12.0 vs. 27.0%, p=0.013), more stroke history (5.6 vs. 17.5%, p=0.012) and higher incident of family history of cardiovascular disease (28.7 vs. 46.0%, p=0.025), but less religion (54.6 vs. 36.5%, p=0.002) and private health insurance (43.5 vs. 20.6%, p=0.002). The mean difference of BDI-II score between the baseline and pre-discharge was higher in patients with PCI (OR: 1.266; 95% CI: 1.146-1.398, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, PCI contributes independently to higher risk of developing depressive symptoms in CSA patients during hospitalization; Routine assessment and management of PCI related depressive symptoms are justified.

A Case of Patent Ductus Arteriosus with Congestive Heart Failure in a 80-Year-Old Man

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a rare clinical finding in adult patients. Considering the increase in cases of PDA discovered incidentally on echocardiograms at young ages, and the life-shortening effect of PDA, it is rare to diagnose PDA in old patients. We report a case of an 80-year-old patient who experienced symptoms of congestive heart failure showed findings suggestive of PDA in echocardiogram and confirmed the diagnosis through a cardiac catheterization and a coronary angiography. After percutaneous occlusion of PDA with an Amplatzer duct occlusion device, symptoms related to congestive heart failure improved.

A Butterfly-Shaped Primary Cardiac Lymphoma That Showed Bi-Atrial Involvement

We described here a patient who presented with symptoms of heart failure who was found to have severe bilateral impairment of atrioventricular inflow. Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) with extensive involvement of the two atria, pericardium and myocardium is an extremely rare tumor in immunocompetent patients. We report here a case of PCL in an immunocompetent patient with involvement of both atria and the atrial septum. The tumor had a butterfly shape. We could not do surgical excision because of the massive pericardiac invasion. The diagnosis was B-cell lymphoma and this was confirmed by the pericardiac biopsy.

Effects of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Depressive Mood in Elderly Patients

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common comorbid condition in patients with coronary artery disease and a well-documented risk factor for recurrent cardiac events and mortality. We examined the impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on depressive mood in elderly patients with chronic stable angina. METHODS: Consecutive patients with chronic stable angina (n=171) who had undergone elective PCI from January 2010 to May 2010 were included in this study. Patients were divided into elderly (> or =65 years) and non-elderly groups (<65 years) and then completed the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory I (BDI-I) at baseline and prior to discharge to assess for depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Seventy-three (43%) patients were assigned to the elderly group and 98 (57%) to the non-elderly group. Using multivariate regression analysis, we found that the elderly group had a higher prevalence of joint, lung, and gastrointestinal diseases; were less religious and less likely to be employed; had lower rates of private health insurance; and were, less frequently, users of regular alcohol, current smokers, and regular exercisers compared to the non-elderly patients. The mean difference in BDI-I scores at baseline and pre-discharge was higher in elderly patients. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a correlation between the extent of depression and elective PCI, especially in elderly patients. This population should be assessed routinely for depressive symptoms and managed accordingly.

Spontaneously Healed Membranous Type Ventricular Septal Defect with Malaligned Interventricular Septal Wall and Double-Chambered Right Ventricle in a 56-Year-Old Patient

A 56-year-old male presented with resting dyspnea and chest discomfort for several years. During transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, a spontaneously healed membranous type ventricular septal defect (VSD) with malaligned interventricular septal wall, aneurysmal changes, a subaortic ridge and a double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) was observed. When combined with DCRV, VSD with malalignment between the outlet and trabecular septa was associated with tetralogy of Fallot. The subaortic ridge was due to turbulent flow caused by the malalignment-type VSD. The VSD with malaligned interventricular septal wall can be developed after aneurismal changes of a perimembranous VSD. We report here in the unusual case of a 56-year-old patient who had a pathology complex comprising DCRV, subaortic ridge, spontaneously healed membranous type VSD with malaligned interventricular septal wall, and survived with surgical treatment.

Case of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy following Pacemaker Implantation

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also called apical ballooning syndrome or stress-induced cardiomyopathy, is a unique reversible cardiomyopathy that is frequently precipitated by a stressful event, and is described as a typical form of acute transient left ventricular dysfunction. The classic situation is postmenopausal women presenting with chest pain or dyspnea. The overall prognosis is favorable. We report a case of a 75-year-old female patient who came to our hospital with dizziness, which was found to be caused by transient apical ballooning following permanent pacemaker implantation.

Clinical Benefit of Low Molecular Weight Heparin for ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor

The efficacy of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with low dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with or without glycoprotein (Gp) IIb/IIIa inhibitor compared to UFH with or without Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor has not been elucidated. Between October 2005 and July 2007, 2,535 patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing PCI in the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) were assigned to either of two groups: a group with Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor (n=476) or a group without Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor (n=2,059). These groups were further subdivided according to the use of LMWH with low dose UFH (n=219) or UFH alone (n=257). The primary end points were cardiac death or myocardial infarction during the 30 days after the registration. The primary end point occurred in 4.1% (9/219) of patients managed with LMWH during PCI and Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor and 10.8% (28/257) of patients managed with UFH and Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor (odds ratio [OR], 0.290; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.132-0.634; P=0.006). Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) with major bleeding was observed in LMHW and UFH with Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor (1/219 [0.5%] vs 1/257 [0.4%], P=1.00). For patients with STEMI managed with a primary PCI and Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor, LMWH is more beneficial than UFH.

The Clinical Value of Intima-media Thickness in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and C-reactive Protein within Normal Limits / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether hand-measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was a reliable and simple tool that could be used to evaluate the severity of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) with normal high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP). MATERIAL AND METHOD: We examined left carotid IMTs in 688 patients with stable CAD and excluded 121 patients with abnormally elevated hs-CRP (> or =0.5 mg/dL). We sought to determine the association between risk factors and the severity of stable CAD and carotid IMT in 567 patients who were divided into lower and higher groups based on the median value. Patients underwent a coronary artery angiogram and had at least significant stenosis (>50% of the original luminal diameter involving one or more major coronary artery). RESULT: Of the 567 patients, 300 (52.9%) were in the lower IMT group and 267 (47.1%) were in the higher IMT group; the median value was 0.76 mm. By multivariable logistic regression analysis, the following groups were different: older age (~49 vs. 70~ years, respectively; OR=6.552), high FBS (~99 vs. 120~ mg/dL; OR=1.713) and severity of CAD (1 vessel vs. 2 vessel disease; OR=1.711, 1 vessel vs. 3 vessel disease; OR=1.714). CONCLUSION: We conclude that there are correlations between increased carotid IMT and severity of CAD in stable angina patients with normal CRP levels.

Comparison of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Fibrosis and Dysfunction According to Various Disease Mechanisms such as Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Renal Failure

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been known as an important predictor of prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PIP) is related with myocardial fibrosis. We sought to analyze the differences in the characteristics of LVH, myocardial fibrosis, and LV functions among hypertension (HBP), diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic renal failure (CRF). METHODS: We enrolled consecutive patients with LVH. Patients were grouped as HBP (n=50), DM (n=41), CRF (n=31). Age and sex-matched normal control was also enrolled (n=32). Echocardiography and blood sampling for serum PIP level measuring was performedin all participants. RESULTS: There were no differences in baseline characteristics except systolic blood pressure among four groups. In three patients groups, their LV mass indices were significantly increased than control. Serum PIP level in CRF was much higher than others (CRF 1505.5 vs. HBP 868.7 vs. DM 687.5 vs. control 826.4, p<0.0001). LV diastolic and systolic function evaluated by E', E/E, S' and midwall fractional shortening was significantly decreased in three patients groups. However, LAVi was significantly elevated and LV ejection fraction was significantly decreased in CRF compared to others. In correlation analysis, indices of diastolic function were weakly, but statistically correlated with PIP (E': r=0.234, p=0.006; LAVi: r=0.231, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: In CRF, LV function was more deteriorated and serum PIP was more elevated when compared to HBP or DM. Therefore, myocardial fibrosis may play an important role to LV dysfunction as well as LV hypertrophy in CRF in some degree.

A case of primary lymphoma of the prostate presented with symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction / 대한내과학회지

Malignant lymphomas involving the prostate, whether presenting as primary extranodal lymphoma or as secondary spread to the prostate from other site, are rare. Most are secondary, so primary lymphoma of the prostate is extremely rare. We report a case of primary prostatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who presented with symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction and constipation. The patient underwent cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone combination chemotheraphy for 3 cycles and then now under involved-field radiotheraphy.